Arthur Schopenhauer
The World as Will and Idea
The World as Idea: The Idea Subordinated to the Principle of Sufficient Reason: The Object of Experience and Science
「1819」 「1818」Arthur Schopenhauer, “The Idea Subordinated to the Principle of Sufficient Reason: The Object of Experience and Science,” in vol. 1 of The World As Will and Idea「Google Books」trans. by R. B. Haldane and J. Kemp (London, 1906).
All animals, even the least developed, have understanding, for they all know objects, and this knowledge determines their movements as motive. Understanding is the same in all animals and in men. (29)
